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Ludvík Svoboda
Ludvík Svoboda (25 November 1895 – 20 September 1979) was a Czechoslovak general and politician. He fought in both World Wars, for which he was regarded as a national hero,〔(Biography in Czech at his web page )〕〔(czech )〕〔(czech )〕 and he later served as President of Czechoslovakia from 1968 to 1975.
== Early life ==
Svoboda was born in Hroznatín, Moravia. In 1915, Svoboda joined the Austro-Hungarian army and was captured later that year on the Eastern Front. Following his release, he fought for the Czechoslovak Legions in Russia. He took part in the legendary battles of Zborov and Bakhmach and returned home through the famous "Siberian anabasis". He then worked at his father's estate before launching his military career in the Czechoslovak army in 1921.
In the early 1930s Svoboda taught at a military academy. After the German occupation in the spring 1939 he became a member of a secret underground organization ''Obrana národa'' ("Defence of the nation"). It is supposed that at the same time he established connection with the Soviet intelligence. In June 1939 he fled to Poland, forming an initial Czechoslovak military unit in Kraków, before falling into Soviet captivity during the Soviet invasion of Poland, however escaping a certain death after – as he related it after the war – asking his captors to call a phone number in Moscow where they could obtain a personal information about him; this worked. After the outbreak of the German offensive against the USSR Svoboda became head of the Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front. The unit fought the Germans for the first time in March 1943 near Battle of Sokolovo in Ukraine. As a commander he also led troops of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Battle of the Dukla Pass in the fall of 1944 when, after a very heavy fighting, this unit managed to cross the Czechoslovak state border for the first time. Svoboda's charismatic leadership and personal bravery was highly valued by his commanding officer at the time, Soviet marshal Ivan Konev. Trusted by Klement Gottwald´s exile leadership and Soviet functionaries, he quickly climbed the military ranks becoming army general in August 1945.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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